Secrets de Marketeurs

What is the Cue-dependent Forgetting effet?

The Cue-dependent Forgetting effect is an amnesia or memory disorder where information learned before the onset of amnesia is retained, whereas information acquired after the onset of amnesia is forgotten.

Why do people use this bias?

The Cue-dependent forgetting effect could be used to bias decision-making by having knowledge about which events happened in the past and therefore avoiding these events in future decisions. As an example of why someone would use this, investors can avoid assets that had negative returns in the past (and shown to be doing poorly) and invest more into assets that have outperformed previously (and are likely to continue). If you were lucky enough to pick stocks correctly using only their previous performance then you could make money like Warren Buffet (he’s actually an advocate of this form of investing).

How do people use this bias?

The most common example is when a Cue-dependent forgetting effect is used by an investor, who can avoid assets that performed poorly in the past and instead invest more into assets that had positive returns before. This would be based on the fact they know these stocks will likely continue to perform well and avoid those which performed poorly previously. They may even go as far as running trading systems or algorithms for their investment choices using previous data. This type of strategy usually allows someone to beat market indices such as the Standard & Poor 500 with less overall risk than simply investing in the index itself.

How to avoid this bias?

You can’t avoid this bias as it’s not really a cognitive bias but rather, an amnesia or memory disorder. Investors who do their research and take the time to learn about how the market works would be less likely to make mistakes based on Cue-dependent forgetting effects. They can use past returns of stocks as an indication for predicting future returns which should increase their chances of making money compared to other traders who may rely more on instinct (or advice from other people).

Examples of Cue-dependent Forgetting:

One example is where someone who has just witnessed a car accident begins to jog away after one minute, whereas others will remember that they only started running after three minutes. This is because when something significant happens in people’s lives, such as witnessing a car accident, the brain stores memories of this event more vividly than other daily activities.

Another example of a Cue-dependent forgetting effect is where a person can remember a phone number they see on their screen for only 5 seconds before losing it, whereas if they have been repeating the number to themselves in their head then they can remember it longer. This is because the majority of memories are short term and not long-term unless they’re rehearsed or reviewed periodically.

Which profession use the Cue-dependent Forgetting?

Investors can avoid assets that had negative returns in the past (and shown to be doing poorly) and invest more into assets that have outperformed previously (and are likely to continue). If you were lucky enough to pick stocks correctly using only their previous performance then you could make money like Warren Buffet (he’s actually an advocate of this form of investing). This would be based on the fact they know these stocks will likely continue to perform well and avoid those which performed poorly previously. They may even go as far as running trading systems or algorithms for their investment choices using previous data. This type of strategy usually allows someone to beat market indices such as the Standard & Poor 500 with less overall risk than simply investing in the index itself.

Cue-dependent Forgetting Conclusion.

This bias is not something you can avoid. Investors who choose to do their research and take the time to learn about how the market works would be less likely to make mistakes based on Cue-dependent forgetting effects. They can use past returns of stocks as an indication for predicting future returns which should increase their chances of making money compared to other traders who may rely more on instinct (or advice from other people).

What is the Context Effect?

The context effect is a cognitive bias that describes when people have difficulty remembering the specific details of an event, but instead remember more generally what happened. People tend to recall things in a way that makes them easier to understand and explain.

How does this work?

For example, if someone asks you for directions from your house to theirs, you may not give perfect or very detailed directions, because it’s hard to memorize every turn and street name after years of living in one area. What you may actually do is provide a general sequence of turns and roads that lead from your house to their destination. To someone who lives in the area, it will be obvious which streets you are talking about, but if they live somewhere else, they may have an unclear sense of where the directions are leading them. They will likely remember the general sequence you provided, but not be able to connect it with their actual destination.

Why do people use this bias?

People use this bias because it is easier to consider information in a way that makes sense. If someone asked you what month it was today, would you know exactly? You might know that it’s between January and June, but which part of those months depends on the context of your conversation. Answering « April » during March Madness would mean something different than answering « April » when someone asks about the Easter Bunny visiting next month. The answer itself does not vary depending on who is asking or why, but providing details makes the response more meaningful in a given context.

How do people use this bias?

Context effect can occur in many different situations, with comments being the most common source of confusion for most people. For example, when you are telling a story about something that happened to you, you may not remember all the details perfectly. Instead, your brain will fill in some blanks with observations or assumptions that make sense in general terms. You might say that someone « dropped out » of school instead of providing specific information like « they dropped out of high school, » because it is easier to simplify an explanation than provide multiple details for context (which may be impractical or irrelevant). You might shorten your phrasing even if you had perfect memory; if someone asked you what was the name of your favorite teacher in high school, you might respond with one word because saying « my favorite teacher » is cumbersome.

How to avoid this bias?

Avoiding context effect requires understanding how it affects your brain’s decision-making process. Taking time to really pay attention to additional details will help you learn more about what you do and don’t remember. You can also use specific cues or prompts that provide an extra memory kick for anything you want to recall perfectly. For example, instead of just trying to remember which month April falls into, try specifically thinking about Easter eggs and bunnies when someone asks the question during March Madness. This random association may help jog your memory so that not only are you able to answer the question correctly, but you also know that it’s during March Madness that this association will work.

Examples of Context Effect.

In a study where participants saw pictures of a crime and then were asked to identify the criminals from lineups, people were more likely to misidentify someone when they viewed additional photos before being asked to make an identification. This is known as a « post-event misinformation effect ». The reason for this phenomenon may be because people tend to pay less attention after seeing multiple images instead of just one. Tversky and Kahneman demonstrated how « the matching law can give rise to conjunction fallacy in probability judgment. » People often overestimate the probability of an outcome that matches their expectations or a given description.

Which profession use the Context Effect?

Police officers, detectives, and lawyers need to pay careful attention to details in order to make accurate decisions about a case. Otherwise they could miss key evidence that may be needed later on or risk putting an innocent person behind bars. Filmmakers also need to be aware of context effect if they want people to understand every part of a story clearly. The wrong combinations of images, scenes, characters, dialogue, and music can all lead viewers astray without them realizing it until after watching everything from start to finish.

Context Effect Conclusion.

The context effect is a cognitive bias where new information provided can change our understanding of previous information by changing its meaning or implication. People tend to avoid using multiple words or extra details when explaining stories because it can be inconvenient or impractical. The context effect also demonstrates how expectations influence memory and perception of events going on around us, as well as support the claim that preconceptions can cause people to ignore information that goes against their initial assumptions.

What is the Mere Exposure Effect?

The Mere Exposure Effect is a cognitive bias which allows us to develop preferences for some things simply by being exposed to them more often. This means that if you are more frequently exposed to certain brand, logo or celebrity then your positive feeling towards it will increase. For example, people tend to have an increased preference for familiar music (e.g. songs they listened many times) than unfamiliar music (music they listen only few times).

Why do people use this bias?

The Mere Exposure Effect can be explained using evolutionary psychology principles regarding the availability heuristics and activation theory. If we know what is normal in our environment, we can make better decisions about how to act within that. Familiarity acts as a shortcut, so we have a tendency to think that things that are more familiar are also safer and more likely to be true. As a result, the Mere Exposure Effect reduces our cognitive workload because we don’t need to evaluate everything in full detail.

This theory is supported by scientific research which showed that there is a link between exposure frequency and liking for music, consumer products or art. In general, if someone likes one song from an artist they’ll probably like all or most of their songs too after being exposed to them enough times. This is why when people listen to new songs from bands they already know they tend to prefer ones they’ve heard before compared with when listening to unfamiliar artists/songs. appreciate the familiarity in music because it’s also the reason why so many people listen to their favourite songs, because they enjoy hearing them again.

Why do marketers use this bias?

The Mere Exposure Effect is one of the most powerful cognitive biases out there. Combining it with other cognitive biases can effectively boost its power. For example, adding the Halo effect (the tendency for us to like or dislike something more when that thing has a positive/negative association) will increase the chance that someone falls in love with your product. The Availability heuristic can be used to reduce fear, which makes your customer trust you more even if there’s no proof that what you’re offering is safe. This means companies don’t need to spend as much on marketing while still getting fast results from their advertisement campaigns.

How do people use this bias?

People can take advantage of the Mere Exposure Effect by simply making things familiar to others, such as their workplace or favourite brands. This is why many companies spend a lot of money on billboards and commercials promoting their products because these methods allow them to attain high exposure rates and hence create familiarity with the audience. One example would be if someone wanted to become an actor, they need to increase their exposure so that more people will recognise them and hire them for projects! The first step towards achieving this goal is usually appearing in movies and TV shows because it lets you get used to being filmed which helps you cope with future projects. The same goes for musicians who often upload songs online that weren’t included in their albums.

Which profession use the Mere Exposure Effect?

A lot of advertising agencies and marketing companies will take advantage of this bias because it’s one of the best ways to make people believe that everyone else likes certain products or services, which then drives up sales for them. This is also why so many celebrities are paid huge amounts to be seen at different events – they increase exposure rates for those brands! Another example would be if someone wants to become famous so they buy Facebook ads ($5-$10 per click) towards their own website where they sell t-shirts with images on them ($20 each). If these shirts already exist then buying Facebook ads will help them achieve high exposure rates which the chance that people will like their shirt.

How to avoid this bias?

Basically, by being more careful when forming judgements about people or products/services. If you want to know whether they are good or not, look for unbiased sources of information instead of basing your opinions on what other people say because they usually have their own motives that aren’t in your best interest. For example, someone might tell you that a certain product is great because they’re getting paid by the company who made it! This doesn’t necessarily mean the product is bad but it’s definitely worth doing some research before buying anything based solely on someone else’s opinion 🙂

Examples of Mere Exposure Effect:

One real-life example where the Mere Exposure Effect is used in marketing campaigns would be the first time Coca-Cola was introduced in China. The company wanted to promote their product so they decided to offer it free of charge for a limited period of time. They expected that many people won’t like the taste and therefore, demand for their coke will drop as soon as the promotion ended. However, this couldn’t be further from reality because even after the promotion period ended, people start buying Coca-Cola instead of other soft drinks! This is probably because they were exposed to the drink’s image/branding a lot during those few weeks which made them familiar with it.

The Mere Exposure Effect Conclusion.

Overall, if you’re trying to become good at anything then the best way to do it is by getting as much exposure as possible because people will trust you more even if they haven’t seen proof that what you’re doing is actually effective. By repeating this process consistently, you’ll be able to see results in less time compared to other methods and therefore, beat your competition!

What is the Illusory truth effect?

The Illusory truth effect is the tendency to believe information based on repetition. The more an idea is repeated, the more likely is that people will believe it to be true without checking or cross-referencing with other sources.

The illusory truth effect was originally demonstrated through experiments by American psychologist Professor Elizabeth Loftus in 1975. She showed participants a video of a car driving and crashing into another vehicle. Approximately 1/5 of participants reported having seen broken glass when there were no broken windows in the footage. Through repetition, they believed they had witnessed something that did not occur.

This phenomenon can also be applied outside of memory and eyewitness testimonies and even apply to text written about something, regardless of how accurate that text might – the more often it is read, the more likely it is that readers will believe it to be true.

Rational and critical thinking involves thoroughly investigating and analysing material before accepting it as fact, especially if the information is in line with one’s own beliefs.

How does this work?

Typically, the illusory truth effect works because people do not think critically enough about the information that they are presented with. If something is repeated often enough by a person, organization or other source, it begins to seem more true even if there are no facts to support it.

Why do people use this bias?

People don’t always have time to properly investigate every piece of information they come across so repeating an idea or fact can be helpful for those who want quick answers. However, some repeat claims without checking on them because of laziness and confirmation bias.

How to avoid it?

To avoid using this bias in your own life try following these steps: – Avoid only reading one side of an argument – Try to research both sides of an issue and form your own informed opinion. – Be aware of the information you see and hear and consider its source before believing it to be true. – Remember that you cannot change facts, so if there is a piece of evidence that contradicts your view hold onto it.

Which profession use this Illusory truth effect?

Journalists often present facts without crediting them because they know people will read their articles even if they do not credit their sources. This way journalists can get away with presenting false or biased information without having to refute accusations in case they lose credibility through argumentation over the matter. Lawyers also tend to repeat the same claims in court to make them seem more truthful and lawyers also try and influence jury decisions by doing this.

Which group/profession is more likely to use it?

Journalists are typically most likely to use the effect because they only need to produce good stories rather than good information. Lawyers are also more likely to use it as their profession does not require them confirm every piece of information they read before using it. People who have already made up their minds about an issue are also more likely to make use of the Illusory truth effect.

Illusory truth effect Conclusion.

The illusory truth effect means that people will believe something is true even if there is no evidence supporting this claim due to repetition of the idea by others. Through confirmation bias, laziness and poor argumentation, journalists tend to take advantage of this phenomenon in order to present false information without having to prove it. Lawyers also tend to use this bias when influencing jury decisions and repeating claims in court, while readers who want quick (but wrong) answers are the most likely people to be affected by the effect. The more often an idea is repeated, the more likely it is that people will believe it’s true regardless of whether there is any evidence supporting this claim or not.

What is the Attentional bias?

The Attentional bias describes the brain’s tendency to give more weight and important to things that are inside your focus of attention.

This can cause you to take bad decisions, as it means you might not notice all the information at hand, for example something that might be harmful or out of context.

Why do people use this bias?

People use this bias because they want to make their life easier and will try eliminate any possible threats to this. Also they don’t always have enough information about every given situation, so sometimes they pick up on an incorrect signal and choose a wrong option or decision accordingly.

For example if two people were in a car accident but one didn’t see what happened (or simply ignored it) then the other one will try to make things easier for themselves and claim the accident was solely their fault, especially if it means they won’t be held accountable.

What are the effects of this bias?

The effects vary from situation to situation and can be used both positively and negatively depending on the person you’re trying to convince.

People often use attentional bias as a way of justifying their own actions or something they’ve done at some point in time, whereas others use it as a tool for the benefit of those who want an easy way out.

How to avoid this bias?

It can be very difficult to avoid because part of your attention is always changing and getting caught up in different forms. However concentrating on one thing at a specific time can help you focus more and give that topic or issue the attention it deserves. Also noticing when you’re using another focus of attention (such as looking at someone else) can help bring things back into context as well as encouraging yourself to stop doing such an activity.

One good advice would be to try not judge someone by what you’ve heard about them but base your opinions on facts only.

Examples of Attentional bias.

Attentional Bias in advertising – If a product is being advertised on television or anywhere else then you’ll tend to notice it more and be more interested in the presents. This is because the ads are trying increase their profit by attracting people’s attention and making them think about buying a product they just saw. Even if people actually pay no interest towards certain products at all, advertisements can change that within seconds due to their ability to catch one’s attention.

Attentional Bias with politicians – Politicians have emerged as some of the most notable authorities when talking about influencing someone’s point of view with an incorrect statement or fact which sometimes can lead to immediate mistake in judgement from the voters. This can be seen as a form of confidence trick where the politician will try convince you that they’re right and if you disagree then they’ll do whatever it takes to change your mind.

Attentional Bias in the media – People trust the media to give them unbiased, factual and truthful information but more often than not this isn’t addressed correctly. To change people’s point of view or opinion it might be necessary for journalists or reporters to put certain things under a spotlight which encourages people to see things from a different perspective.

Which profession use this bias?

Anyone can develop an attentional bias and is usually seen as something negative rather than anything good; however those who want others’ opinions don’t fall into that category due to the fact that they want to hide their true feelings, or simply don’t care at all.

Attentional bias Conclusion.

An attentional bias is very difficult thing to avoid but requires concentration and giving each issue the appropriate amount of focus so it doesn’t get out of hand. Being aware of your surroundings is very important – especially with how you will see certain things which might not be what they seem at first glance. You have to learn for yourself that sometimes judging people can be inaccurate and you have to take into consideration every possible scenario before making a final conclusion on someone based on nothing more than an opinion about them which could later turn out false information.

The Availability Heuristic Concept.

Availability Heuristic is a reasoning shortcut that involves judging the frequency or likelihood of something by how easy it is to think of examples. Thus, something that comes easily to mind is judged as being more likely than something which requires some effort to bring to mind. This heuristic has been studied in various different contexts with particular attention given to estimating frequencies of events related to natural hazards.

How does this work?

Let’s say you are thinking of places where you have seen examples for red cars. The first place that pops up in your mind will be where you saw the most number of red cars. You assume that this location must have the highest ratio of red cars compared to other locations because it was the easiest place where you saw them – since it was the first place that you thought of.

The availability heuristic is often applied when individuals are asked to estimate whether there are more English words that begin with a particular letter (e.g., « k ») or have particular phonemes (sounds). For example, people will overestimate how many words in English start with the sound « k » because it’s relatively easy to name examples (« kayak », « kick », etc.) This cognitive bias occurs because people think that since they can easily think of examples, this category must be more popular than it actually is.

This bias is very important for marketers. They know that thinking an ad was found after just five seconds of search means that it better be good! It feels like that was the most searched for ad which means it is probably the best one. They know that when something comes to your mind immediately, you are more likely to buy it.

Why do people use this bias?

Availability heuristic works because we don’t have time and resources to check all possible measurements. So we take short cuts in our thinking process by just checking the first instance of an event that comes into our minds and then infer from there. If imagine flying a plane, you should remember how many planes crashed every day but if someone asked you how many planes crash every year, obviously not so many come to your mind so we assume the risk must be lower than daily accidents. The Availability Heuristic makes us rely on easily recalled examples and judge this as the majority of cases.

How to avoid it?

There is no sure way but training, meditating and thinking can help one think about many different views to a situation and not just the first thing that comes to mind. You could also try writing down all your thoughts or exercising your brain by trying new activities instead of sticking with old hobbies.

Some examples of Availability Heuristic:

-People underestimate chances for rare events but overestimate chance for common events (like plane crashes) after media coverage because we remember only the most recent ones. We don’t know how frequent they usually are.

-People tend to be more afraid of sharks than mosquitos which results in over 40 times more deaths per year by these little insects than by sharks. This is because we see more of those around us and can’t imagine how dangerous they could be.

-People think that their country is the best country in the world to live even though they know there are other countries which might be better for them personally (jobs, weather, etc.) because as soon as they think about moving somewhere else, they say: « Oh but what will we do there?  It’s so different from our own culture ».

-Pokemon Go! Everyone who has played this game knows you start thinking about catching Pokemon throughout your day and after a while you find yourself looking up at trees and buildings constantly and not paying attention to where you’re. Now it happened, I’m not saying it’s the Availability Heuristic but after an episode of mass hysteria due to our brain thinking about Pokemon all day, obviously nothing will come up in your mind when you think « what might happen if I’ll look up right now ». It definitely doesn’t have anything to do with that.

-« What is the percentage of African American people who are arrested? »  When asked this question, most people overestimate since they can easily think about examples where African Americans were arrested. This doesn’t mean that the rate of arrests among African Americans is greater than any other ethnicity.

Which profession use the Availability Heuristic bias?

People in a variety of professions tend to use the Availability Heuristic, though it’s important to note that this is not exclusive to these professions. Lawyers and judges use this heuristic when they’re deciding whether or not someone should go to jail for breaking into a home – if it happened more often then they might be inclined to think that people who break into homes deserve longer prison sentences. When trying out new drugs, doctors rely on their own experience (heuristics) about how effective the drug is rather than carrying out an experiment like clinical trials. Finally, politicians try and convince voters of their side by talking about what has already happened or pointing towards something similar which has recently occurred.

Availability Heuristic Conclusion.

The Availability Heuristic states that if something is easy to recall, we’re more likely to use it as a reference. We use the first thing that pops into our minds without thinking about how representative or accurate that example might be. By understanding this cognitive bias, you can avoid falling victim to it and make better, more objective decisions.